What is the effect of exceeding the maximum takeoff weight?

Exceeding the maximum takeoff weight has a significant impact on an aircraft's performance, particularly during the critical phases of takeoff and climb. When an aircraft is heavier than its designated maximum takeoff weight, it requires a longer distance to reach the necessary speed for takeoff, which results in increased takeoff distance.

Additionally, a heavier aircraft generally experiences decreased climb performance. This is because the aircraft engines must work harder to lift the excess weight, leading to reduced power availability for climbing. As a result, the aircraft may not climb as steeply or as quickly as it would under normal weight conditions, which can affect safety margins and operational efficiency.

The other options do not accurately reflect the consequences of exceeding maximum takeoff weight. For instance, fuel consumption typically increases with excess weight, maneuverability is often compromised, and the overall flight duration may not be extended positively in this scenario. Therefore, the correct understanding of the risks associated with exceeding maximum takeoff weight is best captured by the option that denotes increased takeoff distance and reduced climb performance.